For the critically ill or injured, mechanical ventilation is often used as a life-supporting and a life-saving measure. However, despite all of the benefits of this therapy, there are risks and potential complications for the patients. A thorough knowledge of the principles of mechanical ventilation is essential in providing safe and e

Two mechanisms have been identified in triggering and maintaining atrial fibrillation. One is the enhanced automaticity in one or more depolarizing foci, and the other is re-entry involving one or more aberrant circuits. By the end of this program, the participant should be able to:  1. Understand the clinical practice guidelines

This program first takes you through the mechanisms of arrhythmia, in which the normal cardiac cellular electrophysiology is discussed in detail. This program also describes the advanced concepts in conduction system disease, and how to apply physiology to atrial arrhythmia. It gives you an insight into identifying a myriad of cardiac

Anesthesia Workstations are an improvement over the older machines. They have better ventilators, which allow quite a few advantages of the ICU ventilators to be transferred to the Operation Theatre. They allow more information to be displayed on the screens. Thus, they allow better monitoring of ventilator parameters. A major advance

Recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) can be defined in many ways. For the purposes of this review, rUTI is defined as three or more UTIs treated by a health care professional within 1 year. Diagnosis is primarily based on signs and symptoms, with or without urine dipstick with leukocyte esterase or nitrites. After completing this

The major approaches to treating adolescent patient is to optimize the clinic for them; and balancing autonomy, consent, confidentiality, and safety.  After completing this course, you should be able to: • Explain five techniques to promote an optimal adolescent–provider visit • Summarize rationale for confidentia

A woman often looks to her obstetrician or gynecologist as her primary physician. Physicians have a responsibility to help patients understand, prevent, and treat obesity and comorbidities related to excessive weight gain. Obesity is a disease that affects more than 83 million Americans. It is the second most common cause of preventabl

There are several reasons why labia minora and labia minora labiaplasty is important to gynecologists. It is often left unaddressed because of a lack of physician training or subject knowledge. It involves the female genitalia, and affects women’s daily lives.  After completing this course, you should be able to: • def

Vulvovaginal atrophy (VA) refers to a constellation of physiologic changes in the skin and mucous membranes of the vulva and vagina in response to hypoestrogenic state, most often caused by menopause. Several professional societies suggest that this condition can be referred to as the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Vulvovag

This course reviews the definitions of pain, explores the challenges in pain management, and provides tools to help with pain assessment. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are discussed. Case scenarios are presented to help nurses assess and manage pain in practice. By the end of this program, the participant should